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Shall, should, may — and what they cost youWhat's the difference between shall and should?

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Near the front of the book, on the "Notes on the plan of the 18th Edition" page, there's a small table that decides a surprising number of exam answers. The book is written like a legal document and the verbs are doing real work.

WordMeaningIn practice
shallRequirementYou must do it. No discretion.
shouldRecommendationGood practice. Not compulsory. (Sometimes the book spells out "recommendation" instead.)
mayPermissionYou're allowed to. You don't have to.
canPossibility / capabilityIt is possible — a statement of fact, not an instruction.
Four words, four different obligations the book is written like a legal document and the verbs are doing real work shall Requirement you must — no discretion should Recommendation good practice, not compulsory may Permission you are allowed to — you do not have to can Possibility it is possible, or the thing is capable optional compulsory on the Notes on the plan page, near the front of the book
A surprising number of exam answers turn on which verb the regulation used. Shall is the only one that leaves you no choice; should is good practice you can depart from with a recorded reason; may and can oblige nothing at all. When a question hinges on whether something is required, go back and read the verb.
✋This matters more than it looks. Shall is required; should is recommended. Read a "should" as a "shall" and you'll answer a whole family of questions wrong.

BS 7671 · Notes on the plan of the 18th Edition · shall / should / may / can

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